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Contract Law Russia

How to Recover Payment for Additional Work Under a Contract For Work and Services?

A contract for work and services assumes that the contractor performs the agreed scope of work for a specified price. However, in practice, additional work often arises that was not included in the original estimate or technical documentation. The issue of payment for such work frequently becomes a stumbling block between the client and the contractor. This article explains when the client is obliged to pay for additional work, how to document it properly, and what actions the contractor should take if payment cannot be obtained.

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Contract Law Russia

How a Contractor Can Recover a Retention Payment Under a Contract for Work and Services

A guarantee retention is a portion of the payment under a contract for work and services that the client withholds from settlements with the contractor for the duration of the warranty period for the quality of the completed work. As a rule, a few percent of the contract price is withheld, and the amount and conditions for its return are specified in the contract. In practice, the contractor receives this money with a delay — after the agreed warranty period has expired or after other conditions have been met (for example, the commissioning of the facility), provided that the client has no claims regarding the quality of the work.

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Digital Law Russia

Myths and Facts About the Digital Ruble

What is the difference between cash and non-cash money? Who issues cash and non-cash currency? And how does the digital ruble differ from non-cash funds?

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Contract Law Russia

How to Recover an Advance Payment under a Contract for Work and Labour if the Work Has Not Been Performed

An advance payment under civil law is a prepayment under a contract that does not serve as a penalty (unlike a deposit). If the contractor fails to fulfil its obligations under the contract for work and labour, the amount of the advance payment is subject to recovery as the contractor’s unjust enrichment.

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Contract Law Russia

How to Challenge a Contractor’s Reference to Design Defects and Underestimation of Work Volume

Disputes in construction regarding the quality of design documentation and the scope of work are common. Often, when facing the customer’s claims, the contractor tries to justify themselves by referring to alleged “defects” in the project documentation or unforeseen circumstances, as well as by arguing that the initial work volume was underestimated. In other words, the contractor asserts that additional work had to be performed beyond the scope of the contract or that the quality of the result suffered due to circumstances beyond their control.

In such cases, the customer has the right to challenge the contractor’s arguments. Such conflicts are governed by Chapter 37 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on contracts for work and services and are generally considered by arbitration courts.

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Contract Law Russia

How to Claim a Penalty for Delayed Performance of Work by a Contractor

A penalty is a monetary amount payable by a debtor in case of breach of an obligation (Article 330 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). In contracts for work, it applies to delays in performing work or making payments and may be statutory or contractual.

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Civil law Russia

Termination of a Government Contract under Law 44-FZ Does Not Mean the Contract Is Dead

In disputes related to the execution of government contracts under Federal Law No. 44-FZ “On the Contract System,” there is a particular nuance: the procedures for performance and termination of a contract are regulated by Law 44-FZ. Due to the specific nature of this law, many tend to consider it in isolation, without taking into account the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which is, in fact, incorrect.

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International Law China

Trends in Yuan Payments

Settlements in yuan are certainly useful, but it should not be forgotten that trading in a national currency always involves managing specific trade balances, because it is very easy to encounter situations similar to Sberbank’s “stuck rupees” or VTB’s lack of yuan.

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Contract Law Russia

How to Prove the Completion of Work if the Customer Refuses to Accept It

The customer’s obligation to accept completed work and document it is established in Article 753 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation for construction contracts and is applied by analogy to other types of service contracts. Upon completion of the work, the contractor delivers the result to the customer along with a work completion certificate. The customer is required either to sign the certificate or provide written, reasoned objections within the deadlines established by the contract or by law.

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Labor Law Russia

Labor Contracts and Civil Law Contracts (CLC): Conflicts and Definitions

Labor law in Russia, inherited from the Soviet Union, is highly regulated and well-developed. Russian labor law is undoubtedly one of the most advanced in terms of elaboration compared to many other jurisdictions that have focused more on civil law.

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Administrative Law Russia

Security Obligations of Owners of Cultural Heritage Sites: Responsibilities, Risks, and Recommendations

Owners of cultural heritage sites (CHS) in Russia bear specific legal obligations related to the preservation, maintenance, and use of such sites. Violation of these requirements can lead to serious consequences, including lawsuits, large fines, and even criminal liability. In this article, we will review the key aspects of security obligations, judicial practice, and provide recommendations for minimizing risks.

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Corporate Law China

Establishing a Travel Agency in China: Regulatory Requirements for 2025

Starting a travel agency in China involves compliance with a comprehensive set of regulatory standards, which vary depending on the scope of the intended business — whether it focuses on domestic tourism, inbound tourism, or outbound (international) travel services. Among these categories, the most stringent requirements apply to agencies engaged in organizing outbound tours for Chinese citizens traveling abroad.

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